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Bad faith (Latin: ''mala fides'') is double mindedness or double heartedness in duplicity, fraud, or deception.〔''"of two hearts ... a sustained form of deception which consists in entertaining or pretending to entertain one set of feelings, and acting as if influenced by another; bad faith"'', Webster's Dictionary, 1913〕 It may involve intentional deceit of others, or self-deception. The expression "bad faith" is associated with "double heartedness",〔 which is also translated as "double mindedness".〔〔(James 3:16, Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary )〕〔 A bad faith belief may be formed through self-deception, being double minded, or "of two minds", which is associated with faith, belief, attitude, and loyalty. In the 1913 ''Webster’s Dictionary'', bad faith was equated with being double hearted, "of two hearts", or "a sustained form of deception which consists in entertaining or pretending to entertain one set of feelings, and acting as if influenced by another".〔 The concept is similar to perfidy, or being "without faith", in which deception is achieved when one side in a conflict promises to act in good faith (e.g. by raising a flag of surrender) with the intention of breaking that promise once the enemy has exposed himself. After Jean-Paul Sartre's analysis of the concepts of self-deception and bad faith, bad faith has been examined in specialized fields as it pertains to self-deception as two semi-independently acting minds within one mind, with one deceiving the other. Some examples of bad faith include: a company representative who negotiates with union workers while having no intent of compromising;〔"Bad Faith Negotiation," Union Voice, ().〕 a prosecutor who argues a legal position that he knows to be false;〔 an insurer who uses language and reasoning which are deliberately misleading in order to deny a claim.〔 Bad faith may be viewed in some cases to not involve deception, as in some kinds of hypochondria with actual physical manifestations. There is a question about the truth or falsity of statements made in bad faith self-deception; for example, if a hypochondriac makes a complaint about their psychosomatic condition, is it true or false?〔 Bad faith has been used as a term of art in diverse areas involving feminism,〔''"'The Look' as Bad Faith"'', ''Philosophy Today'' 36, 3 (1992), , Debra B. Bergoffen, pp. 221-227.〕 racial supremacism,〔''Bad Faith and Antiblack Racism'', L. Gordon, Humanities Press, New Jersey.〕 political negotiation,〔definition of "bad faith" example of use - ''"the Republicans accused the Democrats of negotiating in bad faith"'', Oxford Online Dictionary, ()〕 insurance claims processing,〔''How do I prove bad faith?'', Lawyers.com, ().〕 intentionality,〔''Good Faith and Other Essays'', Joseph S. Catalano, p. 104.〕 ethics,〔''Existentialism & Sociology: The Contribution of Jean-Paul Sartre'', Gila J. Hayim, ().〕 existentialism, and the law.〔 ==General use== In ordinary usage, bad faith is equated with being of "two hearts", or "a sustained form of deception which consists in entertaining or pretending to entertain one set of feelings, and acting as if influenced by another",〔 and is synonymous with double mindedness, with disloyalty, double dealing, hypocrisy, infidelity, breach of contract, unfaithfulness, pharisaicism (emphasizing or observing the letter but not the spirit of the law,〔(Your Dictionary.com )〕 see Doctrine of absurdity), tartuffery (a show or expression of feelings or beliefs one does not actually hold or possess,〔( Roget's II: the new thesaurus )〕 affectation, bigotry, and lip service.〔(Thesaurus.com )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bad faith」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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